Modern fertilization systems include fertilizer injectors that belong to one of two types: fertilizer injectors that are electrically powered (independently or by a controller), or fertilizer injectors that are mechanically powered by water pressure.

The fertilizer injectors inject fertilizer solutions into the irrigation water. The ratio in which the solution is injected is termed “injection rate”. This ratio can be expressed as percentage or v/v units.

For example – a ratio of 5 liter/m3 means that 5 liters of fertilizer solution are injected into each m3 of irrigation water. The same injector rate can be expressed in percentage as 0.5% (5 liter / 1000 liter x 100) or as 1:200. Higher injector rate means more fertilizer solution is injected into the irrigation water.

There are three essential elements that need to be considered to ensure an efficient operation of injectors: the required injector flow rate, the water pressure and the materials the fertilizer injector is made of.

Injector flow rate

The required flow rate of a fertilizer injector depends on:

the irrigation flow rate
the required fertilization level
the concentration of the fertilizer stock solution

For reaching a certain fertilization level, higher irrigation flow rates require fertilizer injectors with higher flow rates.

For example, if you want to inject 5 liters of fertilizer stock solution into 1 m3 of water, and the irrigation flow rate is 30 m3/hour, you will need a fertilizer injector with a minimum flow rate of 150 liter/hour (30 m3/hour x 5 liter/m3 = 150 liter/hour).

It would be impossible for a fertilizer injector with a lower flow rate, to reach the desired fertilization level.

Use this simple calculation to check whether your fertilizer injector can provide the required fertilizers quantities:

Divide the fertilizer injector flow by the irrigation flow to get the injection rate.

For example, If your fertilizer injector 150 liter/hour and the irrigation flow rate is 30 m3/hour, then the maximal possible injection rate is 5 liter/m3 (150/30), or 0.5%.

If the flow rate of your fertilizer injector is too low, you can take one of the following actions:

Decrease the irrigation flow rate, by irrigating fewer valves at the same time

Increase the concentration of the fertilizer stock solution.

In this case, make sure you don’t exceed the solubility limitations of the fertilizers.

Water pressure and water flow affect the performance of fertilizer injectors.

Water flow through the injector and water pressure in the irrigation line must be adequate for an efficient operation of fertilizer injectors.

For example, if the water pressure in the irrigation line is higher than the maximal pressure against which the injector can work, the fertilizer solution might not be efficiently injected, and the fertilizer injector might even eventually not inject any fertilizers at all.

Some mechanical injectors use the water pressure as their power source (e.g. Dosatron). Such injectors have a characteristic range of water flow in which they can work efficiently. If the water flow through the injector is out of this range, the injector is likely not give adjusted ratio .

Materials a fertilizer injector has to be made of

An additional consideration in choosing your fertilizer injector is the type of chemical that would be injected by it.

Injectors that are used for injecting acid, must be resistant to corrosion. Furthermore, the type of acid makes a difference.

Parts of the fertilizer injector that come into contact with sulfuric acid must be made of acid-resistant rubber, while parts that come in contact with phosphoric acid, must be made of stainless steel.

In fertilizer injectors that are consistently used to inject pesticides, plastic parts should not come in contact with the solution because many pesticides contain chemicals that damage PVC.

Better safe than sorry – buy injectors that can provide slightly higher flows than your maximum requirements.

Related Fertility Articles

If you have had a hard time getting pregnant, you may feel like there’s not any hope for you to be able to get pregnant with fertility drugs. The good news is that the advances that have taken place in medicine in the last few decades have been especially good to women who want to get pregnant.  Today, many women who have struggled with infertility for years may find that they are able to get pregnant with fertility drugs.

One of the most common fertility drugs is Clomid. Clomid helps to stimulate ovulation. As you know, the only time that a woman can become pregnant is during ovulation. Clomid is able to help you get pregnant if you have fertility problems that are caused by annovulation (no ovulation) or irregular ovulation patterns.

In addition to getting pregnant with fertility drugs, there are a number of other fertility treatments that doctors have at their disposal today. For example, some women are unable to get pregnant simply because their cervix is too deep. In those cases, the woman may be able to turn to artificial insemination. Typically, a woman undergoing artificial insemination will also take fertility drugs to help her get pregnant, as well.

It’s important to recognize that many fertility problems don’t have anything to do with the woman. In fact, studies show that 40% of fertility problems are due to male infertility, 40% due to female infertility, and 20% due to both. In cases, for example, where the man has low sperm motility, a woman may need t o take fertility drugs to get pregnant because those medications can help to create an environment inside the woman’s reproductive system that is friendlier to those sperm.

There are other, more radical procedures that can help a woman get pregnant along with fertility drugs. Procedures such as IVF, or In Vitro Fertilization, can be used to implant a fertilized egg into a woman’s womb. These procedures tend to be extremely expensive, and don’t necessarily always succeed.

The downside to getting pregnant with fertility drugs is that you are at a higher risk of having a twin or multiple pregnancy if you get pregnant with fertility drugs. Multiple pregnancies pose specific risks for both the mother and for the babies, and a pregnancy with multiples is considered a high risk pregnancy. While not every woman who gets pregnant with fertility drugs will have a twin or multiple pregnancy, ti is a risk that you need to be aware of.

More Fertility Articles

Moolchand Fertility & IVF is dedicated to the evaluation and treatment of male and female reproductive issues.  We have been at the forefront of this highly specialized area of medicine with a goal to provide comprehensive and compassionate fertility care.  Our new state of the art facility combines clinical offices, laboratory facilities, and a surgical suite in one convenient location.

Our team of internationally trained and experienced gynaecologists and obstetricians, fertility specialists, urologists, embryologists, anaesthetists, neonatologists, counselors, legal advisors and other skilled clinical staffs guide the couples facing difficulties in conceiving, and provide comprehensive solutions to help them achieve healthy parenthood.

I best treatment for you

Moolchand Fertility and IVF offers a full spectrum of fertility treatments including in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), egg and sperm donation, gestational surrogacy, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), as well as more basic fertility procedures such as intrauterine inseminations (IUI).  We are committed to providing you with the best fertility treatment in a confidential, compassionate and supportive environment.

Our programs are internationally acclaimed for high success rates and have won us recognition as a global referral centre.     We are the ‘go to’ place for complex fertility problems.  Turn to us when no one can help!

Ovarian Stimulation and Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Commonly known as artificial insemination, IUI involves inseminating your uterus with best quality (high motile) sperms of your partner or donor using a tube (catheter) thereby enhancing the chances of pregnancy.  The ovaries are stimulated with FSH or hMG to produce several eggs per cycle.  When the eggs reach maturity, ovulation is triggered by either an endogenous LH surge or by an injection of hCG.  Approximately 36 to 42 hours later, near the time of ovulation, a prepared sperm sample is placed into the upper uterine cavity via a narrow catheter.  This treatment regimen increases the chance of pregnancy.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

IVF is the most well-known of fertility treatments.  In this procedure your eggs are fertilised with your partner or donor sperm outside the womb, in a controlled medical environment for the purpose of re-implantation into your uterus.  It involves series of highly coordinated steps beginning with controlled ovarian stimulation using external hormones, egg collection, fertilisation and transfe

In Vitro Maturation of oocytes (IVM)

In patients with hyper-responding polycystic ovarian syndrome or with history of ovarian hyperstimulation, immature eggs are taken out and cultured in laboratory to mature with small quantities of hormones.  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is used for fertilization of the matured eggs.  The resulting embryos are transferred into the women’s womb.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

ICSI is a procedure used as part of an IVF treatment, when the sperm count is either nil or very low in the semen or the quality of sperm is very poor.  In this process an individual sperm is injected into the centre of an egg to achieve fertilization.

Intracytoplasmic Morphologically Selected Sperm Injection (IMCI)

A modified form of ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), it carefully selects the best quality sperm by magnifying 6000 times more than the conventional ICSI method.  Patients with severe low sperm count may benefit from this technique.

Frozen Embryo Replacement Cycle (FERC)

During IVF/ICSI treatment it is common to have multiple embryos.  The unused good quality embryos produced during your cycle can be frozen and stored for future use.

Blastocyst Transfer

Blastocyst transfer involves identifying the single embryo which is most likely to result in pregnancy.  In this procedure your embryos are allowed to develop in the laboratory to the blastocyst stage (4 to 6 days after insemination, rather than 2 or 3 days after insemination as with conventional IVF) before placing them in your womb.

Assisted Hatching

Assisted hatching helps your embryos to hatch out of their outer shell.  It is used if your embryos have tougher shells than usual.  The technique involves making a tiny hole in the shell, before the embryo is placed into your womb.

Interventional Surgical Sperm Retrieval (SSR)

SSR involves various surgical methods that remove sperm from your partner genitals instead of waiting for the sperm to be ejaculated out.  Once the sperm is removed, it can be used in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures.  We offer the following types of SSR techniques:

• Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)
• Vasal Aspiration
• Micro-Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA)
• Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE)

Donor Oocytes

The use of donor oocytes (eggs) is an option if you are unable to conceive using your own eggs.  It involves retrieval of eggs from a young and healthy donor and then fertilising with your partner or donor sperm using one of the assisted reproductive techniques (IUI/IVF/ ICSI).  These fertilised eggs are then transferred into your uterus.

If you need a egg donor then

Donor Sperm

Donor sperm are recommended when sperm is absent or non-motile from the semen, often due to genetic causes, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or vasectomy.  This involves fertilising your egg with the donor sperm using one of the assisted reproductive techniques (IUI/IVF/ ICSI).  The fertilised egg (embryo) is then transferred into your uterus to carry out pregnancy.

If you need a donor sperm then

Fertility Surgery

Bone Cancer
A bone cancer is an abnormal growth of cells within the bone that have became cancerous. Bone cancer may be classified as primary cancer originated in the bone, and secondary cancer originated from elsewhere.

Types of bone cancer
A. Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma, a cancerous bone tumor, is the most common type of aggressive and primary bone cancer, usually arise in a bone and destroy local tissue and weakens the bone. Since osteosarcoma develops from , it most commonly affects adolescents and young adult and most cases of osteosarcoma involve the knee joint. It affects about four in one million people in the United States every year.

B. Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce flexible connective tissues between bones. It is is the second most frequent primary malignant tumor of bone, representing approximately 25% of all primary osseous neoplasms.

C. Ewing’s sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcomaa rare cancer disease found in the bone or in soft tissue, is a malignant bone tumor that affects childhood and young adulthood, but usually develops during puberty and spreads to the lungs and other bones.

D. Etc.

Symptoms and signs
1. Fracture due to the weakness of bone
2. Limitation of motion
3. Bone pain
4. Swelling, tenderness, pain or stiffness in the affected area
5. Fatigue
6. Involuntary Weight loss
7. Fever
8. Anemia
9. Limitation of motion
10. joint tenderness or inflammation
11. Etc.

Risk factors
1. Young age
Being a child or young adult

2. Undergone radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Treatments radiation therapy or chemotherapy may cause damage to the genetic material of the cells, leading to increased risk of bone cancer.

3. Family member with bone cancer
If one of the your direct family member had bone cancer, your risk of bone cancer is increased.

4. Non cancerous bone diseases
Children and teens who have certain noncancerous bone diseases have a higher chance of developing osteosarcoma.

5.
Some researchers believe that high-fat diets, lack of exercise, smoking, and excessive drinking can increase an adult’s risk of osteosarcoma and other bone cancers.

6. Etc.

Causes
The causes of bone cancers are still unknown, but researchers suspect that it may be caused by
1. Genetic mutation
It can be caused by alternation of cells DNA, leading to abnormal cells grow during the process of division and replication. As the cancerous cells do not die and keep multiply that lead to a malignant tumor and invade nearby tissues causing secondary cancer.

2. Radiation
Radiation treatment can damage the DNA of nrimal cells, causing of genetic mutations that can trigger osteosarcoma.

3. Trauma
Some researchers suggested that an often serious and body-altering physical injury of the bone in the young age, may increase the risk of osteosarcoma.

4. Paget’s disease
Normal bone has a balance of forces that act to lay down new bone and take up old bone in maintaining the normal calcium levels in our blood. in patients with Paget’s disease, the bone the bone formed during the normal process is abnormal, enlarged, less dense, and prone to breakage.

5. Hereditary retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the cells of retina, affecting the eyes.

6. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder that can cause cancer often appears at a young age due to turn off the p53 tumor suppressor gene, including osteosarcoma.

7. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
If a tumor is suspected, your doctor may first look into your medical history in detail and examinations of rectal for men to rule out the metastasis of primary prostate cancer and rectal and pelvic for women to rule out the metastasis of primary ovarian cancer
Tests to locate the primary tumor and any metastasis include:
1. X ray
X ray may be the first examination your doctor will order to detect the presence of bone tumors.
Because if its may give a false result in many cases, normally the examination is accompanied followed by a CT scan.

2. CT scan
CT scan is one most reliable in showing the the exacted extent of the tumor and how much bone have been affected.

3. Bone scan
It is a nuclear scanning test, beside mostly used in identifying new areas of bone growth and damage to the bones breakdown, it can also evaluates the metastasis of cancer in the bone.

4. Biopsy
It is general done with general anesthesia to identify the grade and to determine types of treatment and prognosis will produce the best result for the patients, when the tumor is identified.

5. MRI
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the bone and surrounding soft tissues.

6. Etc.

Factors that influence the treatment and prognosis
Factors that influence the treatment and prognosis are important to evaluate the future of the metastasis, normally the lung, types, position as well as the grade of the tumors to make the treatments more effective, including surgery and chemotherapy.

Treatments
There are different methods to treat bone cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, depending types, the location, aggressiveness and metastasis of the bone cancer. The purpose of the treatment is to remove the primary tumor, prevent the risk of spreading and limit the impact the function and operation of of the affected parts of the patients’ body.

A. Types of Treatment
1. Surgery

If it is localized osteosarcoma, your doctor will remove the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around in limb-preserving surgery and require radiotherapy after. In many cases, because of the size of tumor or other factors, all or part of an arm or leg (amputation) may be needed to remove for the best interest of the patients.
In case of cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, lymph node dissection is required to prevent the tumor from spreading further.
Amputations were frequently used to remove bone cancer in the past, but today with advanced technology and better treatments, tumor can be removed without the need for an amputation in many cases.

2. Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors and combine with other treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, Immunotherapy or some mixture of the four.

3. Chemotherapy
If the cancer has spread to other organs or other part of the body or to prevent the spreading of the tumor, then chemotherapy is the best choice drugs to kill cancer cells by taking medications orally or into a vein or muscle by a needle, so the medication can travel in the bloodstream through out the body to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy given after surgery, to remove the cancer, is called adjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy given before surgery to shrink the cancer is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

4. Etc.

B. Most common types of bone cancer treatments

A. Osteosarcoma
Since osteosarcoma has a tendency to spread. In many case, the best treatment is the combination of surgery and chemotherapy.

B. Ewing’s Sarcoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma is more aggressive than other types of cancer. Since it also has tendency to spread but it is often responsive well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy combination but sometime combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is required.

3. Chondrosarcoma
Since Ewing’s sarcoma found in the bone or in soft tissue started in cartilage, is a lower types of growth and spreading, inmost cases, only surgery is required.

4. Etc.

Risks and Side effects of the treatments
A. Risks
1. Infection caused by surgery
2. Recurrence
3. Risk of fracture of the remaining bone
4. Weakness due to surgery
5. Loss of sensation due to removal of nerves
6. Killing normal cells due to drugs used in chemotherapy
7. Increased risk of wound problems from surgery in the same area
8. Damage to the surrounding skin and soft tissues.
9. Etc.

B. Side effects
1. Nausea and
2. Vomiting,
3. Loss of hair
4. Fatigue
5. Severe itching
6. breaking out in a rash or hives
7. Etc.

Bones cancer
Bones cancer is defined as a health condition of abnormal cells growth of the bone, including marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage due to alternation of DNA in division and replication the bone malignant bone cells. It can be primary or secondary cancers.

Symptoms
1. Anaemia,
2. Lack of power
3. Nutrients deficiency, stabbing
4. Pain in the affect area
5. Lumps
6. Skin is dark red color
7. Broken bone or deformity
8.Weight loss
9. Loss of appetite
10. Fever
11. Numb in the affect area
12. Etc.

Causes
1. Kidney essence deficiency
In traditional Chinese medicine, The Kidney essence or Jing is the vital life force of the human body and of many of its functional activities in the development of Blood, spinal fluid, bone marrow, teeth and bones.
Kidney essence consists of two parts:
a. Congenital (Prenatal Jing)
As it is inherited from you parent and
b. Acquired (Postnatal Jing)
As it is transformed from the food nutrients by the spleen and stomach.
Deficiency of kidney essence or Jing leads to abnormal growth of the above.

2. Bone marrow void
Since kidney is responsible in nourishing the bone marrow to perform its function in producing of new blood cells and assisting lymphatic system to prevent the back flow of lymph. Deficiency of kidney essence cause abnormal bone marrow that leads to abnormal blood cell and fluid retention and stagnation, causing cancer

3. Damp heat and toxin accumulation
As the kidney no longer perform its function in transporting fluid, leading to water retention. Over prolonged period of time, it transforms to phlegm, leading to cancer.
Since kidney is one of defensive system in protect our body against toxins, deficiency of kidney essence causes accumulation of the toxins. Over prolonged period of toxins in the bone, it can lead to bone cancer.

4. Etc.

Treatments
Treatment in The traditional Chinese medicine is to nourish kidney deficiency essence, remove and clear away toxin, damp heat, smooth circulation to dissolve cancer and tumor. Since each formula is unique to each patient, depending to the observation and diagnosis.
A. General Treatments
A.1. Tonifies kidney essence
Complement Jing and tonify the bone marrow
1. Lu Rong (Cornu cervi Parvum)
Lu Rong is also known as Deer Antler. The salty and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, leukorrhea, frequent urination, incontinence, vaginal bleeding not during menses, and lymph node inflammation as it strengthens sinews/bones, nourish Qi and blood and tonifies kidneys by enhancing the functions of liver and kidney channels.

2. Lu Jiao Jiao (Colla Cornus Cervi)
Lu Jiao Jiao is also known as Antler Gelatin. The sweet, salty and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat impotence, spermatorrhea, weak and cold loin and knees, tuberculosis with emaciation, blood in stool, blood in urine, gangrene with pain as it tonifies liver and kidneys, strengthens kidney Essence and blood and stops bleeding by enhancing the functions of liver and kidney channels.

3. Dong Cong Xia Cao (Cordyceps Sinensis)
Dong cong Xia Cao is also known as Cordyceps. The sweet and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat impotence, chronic lower back pain, chronic cough and wheezing from deficiency, blood in phlegm, as it tonifies the lung and kidney, stops bleeding and transforms phlegm by enhancing the functions of kidney and lung channels.

4. Gui Ban Jiao (Colla Plastrum Testudinis)
Gui Ban Jiao is also known as fresh water turtle Shell. The sweet, warm and neutral herb has been used in TCM to treat chronic ache in join and knees, weakness in knees and feet of the aged, spermatorrhea and chronic cough, soft bones in small children, late development of teeth in small children and late in fusing of the anterior fontanel, fright and palpitation, insomnia and forgetfulness and improves anti-cancer ability function, as it tonifies Kidney-essence, nourishes kidney yin and blood and stops bleeding, by enhancing the functions of liver, kidney and heart channels.

5. Etc.

1. Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae)
Di huang is also known as Rehmannia. The sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM to tonify blood tonic and treat weakness caused by tuberculosis, vomiting blood, nose bleeding, coughing blood, bleeding in the uterus as it eliminates heat, disperses heart and liver fire, expels toxins; invigorates Blood, reduces blood accumulation by enhancing the function of heart, liver and kidey channels.

2. Tian Men Dong (Tuber Asparagi Cochinchinenses)
Tian men Dong is also known as asparagus tuber. The sweet bitter and very cold herb has been used in TCM to treat chronic bronchitis, spermatorrhea, weakness in legs, thirst, lung deficient with heat, dry cough, thick phlegm with difficulty to expel as its clears the lungs, moves fire downwards, nourishes yin by enhancing the functions of lung and kidney channels.

3. Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii)
Gou Qi Zi is also known as Wolfbery. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM to alleviates sore back, leg, and stomach; improves night vision, blurred vision and treat diabetes and premature white hair, as it tonifies and nourishes liver and kidneys, improves vision, moistens the lungs by enhancing the function of liver, kidney and lung channels.

4. Sang Shen Zi (Fructus Mori)
Sang Shen Zi is also known as Mulberry. The sweet, sour and cold herb has been used TCM to treat vertigo, tinnitus, insomnia with palpitation, weak digestion, premature white hair, thirst, diabetes with heat, as it nourishes yin, tonifies blood promotes generation of body fluids, by enhancing the functions of liver kidney and lung channels.

5. Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)
Nu zhen Zi is also known as privet fruit. The bitter, sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti inflammatory, anti cancer and anti oxidization medicine and to regulate immune system, lower blood sugar as it tonifies the liver and kidney, benefits the liver and kidney and clears heat by enhancing the function of liver and kidney channels.

6. Etc.

1. Long Dan Cao (Radix Gentianae longdancao)
Long Dan Cao is also known as Gentian Root. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat red-swollen-sore throat/eyes/ears, jaundice, painful-swollen genitals, leucorrhea, cystitis, inflammation of the urethra, boils on skin, feverish malaria, chronic gastritis, eczema, conjunctivitis, hypertension with dizziness and tinnitus, malaria, and herpes zoster as it drains damp heat from liver and gallbladder, clears ascending liver fire by enhancing the functions of gallbladder, liver and stomach channels.

2. Huang Qin (Radix astragali)
Huang Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat numbness of limb, morbidity after stroke, sweating, promoting pus discharge and tissue regeneration and diabetes and promotes diuresis to reduce edema as it tonifies qi, enhances Yang, strengthens the defensive-qi and the exterior and expels toxins and as diuretic to resolve oedema by promoting the functions of lung and spleen channels.

3. Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis)
Zhi Zi is also known as Gardenia. The bitter, cold and non toxic herb has been used in TCM as as antipyretic agent and to treat,insomnia and irritability, high fever with delusion and infection as its disperses fire, calms anxiety, clears heat, drains dampness, cools blood and expels toxins by enhancing the functions of heart, liver, lung, stomach and triple burner channels.

4. Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae)
Di huang is also known as Rehmannia. The sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM to tonify blood tonic and treat weakness caused by tuberculosis, vomiting blood, nose bleeding, coughing blood, bleeding in the uterus as it eliminates heat, disperses heart and liver fire, expels toxins; invigorates Blood, reduces blood accumulation by enhancing the function of heart, liver and kidey channels.

5. Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis)
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice Root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as am anti ulcer, anti convulsion, anti inflammation, anti allergy and anti cancer agent and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, palpitation and short of breath, cough as it tonifies the spleen, enhances qi, moistens lungs to calm cough and to relieves acute pain by enhancing the functions of all channels.

6. Etc.

1. Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae japonicae)
Jin Yin Hua is also known as Honeysuckle. The sweet and cool herb has been used in TCM to treat respiratory tract infection, influenza, acute infection of the tonsils and the mammary glands, lobar pneumonia and bacterial type of dysentery as it clears heat and damp hear and expels toxins and damp wind by enhancing the functions of lung, heart, large intestine, and stomach channels.

2. Lian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae Suspensae)
Lian Qiao is also known as Forsythia fruit. The bitter, acrid and cool herb has been used in TCM as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiemetic, antibiotic and anti inflammatory agent and to protect liver, stop vomiting, help blood circulation, promote urination as it clear heat, expels toxins, resoloves abscesses and disovoles nodules by promotinf the functions of heart, liver and gall bladder channels.

3. Pu Gong Yin (Herba Taraxaci Mongolici cum Radice)
Pu Gong Yin is also known as Dandelion. The bitter, aweet and cold herb has been used in TCM as a diuretic and laxative agent and to improves digestion. promote bile secretion and protect liver as it drain dampness, clear heat and expels toxins by enhancing the functions of liver and stomach channels.

4. Ban Lan Gen (Radix Isatidis)
Ban Lan Gen is also known as Indago Root. The bitter and cold herb has been used by TCM to treat chicken pox, chronic myelogenous leukemia, digestive tract ulcer and infection,epilepsy, hepatitis with jaundice, herpes simplex II, herpes zoster and influenza as it clears heat, expels toxins, cools blood and resolves exanthema by enhancing the functions of heart, lung and stomach channels.

5. Ma Chi Xian (Herba Portulacae)
Ma Chi Xian is also known as Purslane. The bitter and cool herb has been used in TCM as
anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, anti-coagulation and anti-hypertensive and anti-fungus agent and to promote functions of epithelium and treat ulcers as its clear heat, expels toxins, cool blood and stops bleeding by enhancing the functions of liver and large intestine channels.

6. Etc.

1. Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii)
Chuan Xiong is also known as Szehuan lovage root. The acrid and warm herb has been used in TCM to relieves pain, headaches, abdominal ache, chest pain, muscle pain, boils, difficulty in menses, amenorrhea as it moves blood and qi, expels wind and calms pain by enhancing the functions of liver, gallbladder and pericardium channels.

2. Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Alba)
Nai Shoa is also known as White Peony roots. The bitter, sour and cool herb has been used in TCM as anti-spastic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, analgesic, and agent sedative and to lower blood pressure, dilate peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries as it nourishes liver and blood, preserves yin, calm pain by enhancing the function of liver and spleen channels.

3. Dang Qui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis,)
Dang Qui is also known as Chinese Angelica root. The sweet, acrid, bitter and warm herb has been used in TCM to regulat the menses, lubricates bowels to correct constipation, reduce swelling, expel pus, relieve pain as it tonifies and moves blood, calms pain, moistens the intestines by enhancing the functions of heart, liver and spleen channels.

4. Tian Nan Xing (Rhizoma Arisaematis)
Tian Nan Xing is also known as Jack In The Pulpit. The bitter, warm and acrid herb has been used in TCM as anti convulsion, expectorant, sedation, analgesia, sedative and anti-cancer agent and used extenally for insect and snake bites as it dries dampness, transforms phlegm, expels wind and calms convulsions by ehancing the functions of liver, lung and spleen channels.

5. Bing Pian (Borneolum)
Bing Pian is also known as borneol. The warm, acrid toxic herb has been used in TCM as sedative, anti bacterial agent and to relieve local pain as it opens the orifices,r estores consciousness, clears Heat and calms pain by enhancing the functions of heart, spleen, liver and lung channels.

6. Etc.

A.5. Etc.

B. Specific treatments
B.1. Osteosarcoma
is the most common type of bone cancer that usually develops in adolescence, and teenager during the period of rapid growth and has a tendency to spread.
1. Shu Di Huang (Shu Di Huang)
Shu di Huang is also known as Rehmannia Root. The sweet, bitter and warm herb has been used in TCM as diuretic agent and to strengthen the function of the heart, increases blood pressure constrict blood vessel and decreases the blood sugar as it nourishes yin, Jing and blood and strengthens the bone marrow by enhancing the functions of heart, kidney and liver channels.

2. Lu Jiao Jiao (Colla Cornus Cervi)
Lu Jiao Jiao is also known as Deer Antler Glue. The sweet, salty and warm herb has been used by TCM to impotence, spermatorrhea, weak and cold loin and knees, excessive bleeding not during menses, blood in stool, blood in urine as it tonifies liver and kidneys, strengthens Jing and blood and stops bleeding by enhancing the functions of kidney and liver channels.

3. Bai Jie Zi (Semen Sinapsis Albae)
Bai Jie Zi is also known as White Mustard Seed. The warm, acrid and toxic herb has been used in TCM to treat pain in limbs and joints, migrating sores, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and neuralgia as it warms the lung, eliminates phlegm, moves qi and disperses nodules and enhances channels’ circulation by promoting the function of lung and stomach channels.

4. Rou Qui (Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae)
Rou Qui is also known as Cinamon Bark. The sweet, acrid and very warm herb has been used in TCM to treat cold limbs, cold limbs, diarrhea, muscle spasm, headache, back pain, sweating and impotent and promote urination as it tonifies fire, enhances yang, disperses cold and promotes circulation in the channels by enhacing the functions of heart, ling and gallbladder channels.

5. Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis)
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice Root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as am anti ulcer, anti convulsion, anti inflammation, anti allergy and anti cancer agent and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, palpitation and short of breath, cough as it tonifies the spleen, enhances qi, moistens lungs to calm cough and to relieves acute pain by enhancing the functions of all channels.

6. Etc.

B. 2. The relatively slow course of malignant bone tumors (Chondrosarcoma)
Cancers are composed of cells derived from abnormal cells of the cartilage.
1. San Leng (Rhizoma Sparganii Stoloniferi)
San Leng is also known as Burreed Rhizome. The acrid, bitter and neutral herb has been used in TCM to treat painful and absence of menses, postpartum complication, absence of menses, prmote digestion and inhibits pain as it eliminates blood accumulation, moves qi and calms pain by enhancing the functions of liver and spleen channels.

2. Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii)
Hong Hua is also known as Safflower. The acrid and warm hern has been used in TCM to treat rheumatoid arthritis, promote menstruation, get rid of blood clots and treat enlargement of the liver and spleen as it moves blood; eliminates blood stasis by enhancing the functions of liver and heart channels.

3. Sheng Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata)
Sheng Chuan Wu is unprepared Monkshood Daughter Root. The acrid hot and toxic herb has been used in TCM to treat muscle spasm in cholera, pain and cold in chest and abdomen, chronic diarrhea, tightness and pain in joints and muscles, edema and coldness in the lower legs and raise body temperature as it restores and benefits yang, tonifies fire, disperses cold and calms pain by enhancing the functions of heart kidney and spleen channels.

4. Tao Ren (Semen Persicae)
Tao Ren is also known as Peach Seed. The bitter, sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti coagulation, anti hypertensive, inhibits pain, anti inflammation, detoxification, anti-allergenics agent and to inhibit pain and promote bowel movements as it moves blood, eliminates accumulations, moistens intestines by enhancing the functions of heart, large intestine, liver and lung channels.

5. Ru Xiang (Gummi Olibanum)
Ru Xiang is also known as Frankincense Carterii. The acrid, bitter and warm herb has been used in TCM to improve circulation, repair muscle and treat gingivitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis of liver and amenorrhea as it moves blood, calms pain, resolves edema and promotes tissue regeneration by enhancing the heart, liver and spleen channels.

6. Etc.

B. 3. Uncommon tumor (Giant cell tumor of bone)
Giant-cell tumor of the bone (GCTOB) is a relatively uncommon tumor. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. These tumors are generally benign, with unpredictable behavior and formed by fusion of several individual cells into a single, larger complex.
1. Dang Qui
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis,)Dang Qui is also known as Chinese Angelica root. The sweet, acrid, bitter and warm herb has been used in TCM to regulat the menses, lubricates bowels to correct constipation, reduce swelling, expel pus, relieve pain as it tonifies and moves blood, calms pain, moistens the intestines by enhancing the functions of heart, liver and spleen channels.

2. Dang Shen(Radix Codonopsitis Pilosulae)
Dang Shen is al;so known as Codonopsis Root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM to improve immune system, body function, stimulates nervous system, increase red blood cells, white blood cells, enhances blood coagulation as it tonifies the middle burner, strengthens qi, nourish blood and promotes generation of body fluids by enhamcing the functions of lung and spleen channels.

3. Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)
Chen pi is also known Tangerine Peel. The bitter, acrid and warm herb has been used in TCM as anti-biotic agent and to improve digestion, stop bleeding, increase blood pressure, stimulate blood vessels, inhibits movements of digestive tract and uterus as it regulates qi and the middle burner, drains dampness and transforms phlegm by enhancing the functions of lung and spleen channels.

4. Hai Dai (Thallus Laminariae)
Hai Dai or Kung Pu is also known as Kelp. The salty and cold hern has been used in TCM as diuretic agent and to treat thyroids and lymph glands tumor, swollen testes, edema., swollen testes, edema as it resolves phlegm and softens hardness and promotes water metabolism by enhancing the functions of liver, kidney and stomach channels.

5. Huang Qi (Radix astragali)
Huang Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat numbness of limb, morbidity after stroke, sweating, promoting pus discharge and tissue regeneration and diabetes and promotes diuresis to reduce edema as it tonifies qi, enhances Yang, strengthens the defensive-qi and the exterior and expels toxins and as diuretic to resolve oedema by promoting the functions of lung and spleen channels.
6. Etc.

B. 4. Ewing’s Sarcoma
1. Huai shan (Radix Dioscoreae Oppositae)
Huai Shan or Shan Yao is also known as Yam Rhizome. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as antibiotic and anti aging agent and to improve digestive system, promote urination, lower blood sugar and pressure as it nourishes yin and Jing, tonifies qi, spleen, lung and kidney by enhancing the kidney, lung and spleen channels

2. Sang Ji Sheng (Ramulus Loranthi)
Sang Ji Sheng is also known as Mulberry Mistletoes. The bitter and neutral herb has been used in TCM as diuretic, sedative and antiviral agent and to lower blood pressure, improve circulation and inhibits certain types of virus as it expels wind-damp, tonifies liver and kidneys, strengthens the sinews and bones and prevents miscarriage by enhancing the functions of liver and kidney channels.

3. Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Alba)
Bai Shao is also known as White Peony roots. The bitter, sour and cool herb has been used in TCM as anti-spastic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, analgesic, and agent sedative and to lower blood pressure, dilate peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries as it nourishes liver and blood, preserves yin, calm pain by enhancing the function of liver and spleen channels.

4. Chuan Niu Xi (Radix Cyathulae)
Chuan Niu Xi is also known as Cyathula Root. The sweet, bitter and neutral herb has been used in TCM as aborptive agent to promote blood circulation, metabolism, flow of bile juice and enhance immune system as it expels wind ,disperses dampness and soothes the joints by enhancing the functions of liver and kidney channels.

5. Dan Shen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae)
Dan Shen is also known as Salvia Root. The bitter and slightly cold herb has been used in TCM as antithrombotic, antihypertonic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and sedative agent and to release pain, get rid of clot blood, treat dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, restlessness, insomnia and irritability as it invigorates blood, break up blood stasis, clear heat and calm stomach pain by enhancing the invigorate heart and liver channels.

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Related Aching Bones Articles

Tips and Advice on Preventing, Reducing and Relieving Aching Heel

Heel pain is the most common of all foot complaints. Heel pain is a more general term given to specific medical ailments that affect the foot, most commonly called plantar fasciitis and heel spurs.

Most people usually complains of pain with the first step in the morning, after getting out of the bed. It is usually presented as sharp stabbing pain at the bottom or front of the heel bone and can vary in the severity.  Person experiences some relief following activity, but the pain returning after extended amounts of time standing or walking.

Heel pain usually occurs as a result of excessive, constant abnormal pulling and stretching of the fibrous bands that support the arch or repetitive pounding on the heel, causes the heel bone to become inflamed and painful. This inflammation of the planter fascia near its attachment to heel may eventually leads to formation of bony growth on the calcaneous (heel bone), which is called Heel Spur.

Here are some advice to reduce your heel pain; 

1. Management of heel ache at home can begin by refraining from putting any additional stress on the inflamed area.  Avoid activities that require extensive use of your legs, such as running or walking and try biking or swimming instead. Avoid the treadmill at the gym. Limit the number of times you go up and down the stairs.

2. Try an ice message: Icing can help pain to some degree and reduce inflammation. Freeze a sports water bottle and place it on the floor. Roll you arch over the water bottle for 20 minutes twice a day.

3. Anti-inflammatory medications can also be helpful.

All above methods provide you with temporary relief from pain, more permanent or long term solution of your aching heel can be achieved from doing daily stretching exercises and wearing orthotic supportive shoes.

1. Do stretching exercises : It should also be noted that heel pain sufferers often also experience very tight calf muscles. So you should stretch your calf muscles by placing a towel or a belt on your dresser. In the morning, before you get out of bed, wrap the towel around the ball of your foot. Pull the foot towards you, keeping your leg straight. You should feel a stretch in your calf. This will help to loosen your calves and reduce your heel ache. 

2. Wear supportive shoes: This is the most effective solution to heel pain is to treat the cause of the problem by correcting abnormal foot mechanics. A supportive shoe will bend only where the foot beds, at the toes. To test this, take your shoe and flip it over. If the shoe bends in half, then the shoe is not supportive.

If all above suggestion fails to relieve your heel pain then see an podiatrist, they are the expert people in dealing with foot problems.

Related Aching Bones Articles

You will want to make confident that you are taking details quick. Lots of instances the workout routines or acupuncture techniques are sufficient to support someone be cured from the ache of sciatica that had taken above their lives.

You can also try out to lie down with a pillow positioned in between the knees on your facet, to assist with preserving your back again straight. Yet another choice that could operate for acquiring comfy may possibly be to use a reclining chair.

You will want to make confident that you are taking points straightforward. Nevertheless, at the exact same time you don’t want to keep in your bed for extra than a few days. You can also find that you can consider medicines this kind of as ibuprofen to assistance with cutting down the irritation that could possibly be doing the affliction even worse than it definitely is. Whilst medical procedures is not chosen in some scarce conditions it could possibly be the system of therapy that is wanted. Nonetheless, one should consider as numerous natural solutions as possible prior to they make your mind up that medical procedures is the ideal approach of treatment method for them. We will be wanting at what these attributes are and what they offer you. At the finish of this report, you would have uncovered what it will take to decide on the excellent cures for sciatica. Let’s get on with it shall we?

#1.Worthy cures for sciatica must display you correct methods to physical exercise which are balanced and guaranteed to support increased blood provide to the sciatic nerve when strengthening your muscular tissues simultaneously. There is no point targeting cures for sciatica which have no way of tackling these distortions and you will need to know this to choose your ideal cure.

#four.The capacity to proffer a strategy of realigning your pelvis with your spinal column really should also be a single of the tactics offered by worthy cures for sciatica.

Your piriformis can turn out to be tightened by the distortion of your pelvic bones. Ahead of you can even feel about a remedy strategy that is heading to perform you will want to come across out the lead to of your sciatica. There are so a lot of distinct explanations for this variety of condition and depending on the motive for your problem you could possibly not be ready to do the workout routines or treatment method that a further personal could do with a diverse explanation for their sciatica.

However, you have to be sure that you do not above do this or you will come across that you can be carrying out yourself much more damage than good. You need to only remain in the bed for close to two days any extra than that and you could conclude up weakening your muscular tissues that you have to have to be strengthened in purchase to get the ache below handle. This is extremely vital to don’t forget. Through the time that you are resting you will also obtain that you can use sizzling and cold alternating to consider to assist you with relief of the soreness or the swelling.

This can change for each and every particular person and if you have injured your back you will will need to be guaranteed that you examine this with your health care provider to be confident that you are not heading to make the situation even worse. They are very likely also heading to be able to inform you about above the counter ache medicine that you can use as very well as prescription medications that you can use if about the counter meds are not ample to manage it.

Key Concepts in Mental Health

Definition

Mental health is defined as a state or condition on which an individual feels a sense of well-being. This gives him or her the capacity to live life in fulfillment of what he or she wants to achieve in accordance to the available resources. This condition also provides an individual the capacity to be resilient to the stresses he meets and to respond to these challenges without having to compromise his well- being. This also makes him productive and fruitful for himself and his community.

Mental wellness could also be defined as the lack of mental problems or disorders. People who do not present diagnosable behaviors that could qualify as a mental disorder are seen as mentally healthy. For example, someone who has an obsession on things may not necessarily have a mental disorder like obsession. Thus he is said to have mental wellness. But when this obsession is combined with unrelenting compulsion to do the object of obsession, the person may already be diagnosed with a mental disorder called Obsessive-compulsive Disorder or OCD.

It could also be seen as a positive element in an individual’s personality which makes it possible to enhance mental wellness regardless of a diagnosable mental disorder. This definition covers a person’s capacity to “live life to the fullest”, to respond well to his environment through the conscious or unconscious use of coping mechanisms and to be able to balance emotional as well as psychological well-being in relation to constant flow of experiences.

Mental Health Across Culture

The World Health Organization believes that there is no single definition for mental health due to differences in culture. What could be mentally healthy (or acceptable behavior) in one culture may present something too eccentric in another. For example, cannibalistic behavior in some tribes living in remote areas is highly regarded as a religious practice however, in the majority of urbanized world this could be seen as barbaric or insane.

Disruption in Mental Health

Abnormalities in mental health could lead to a number of problems with various representations. Some people with mental illnesses have aggressive behaviors while others are withdrawn and lack social interest. Each type of disorder has its own signs and symptoms therefore; diagnosis as well as treatment vary depending on the nature of the mental heath problem.

There are several factors that disrupt mental health including: environment or upbringing, biological make-up of a person, pre-programmed instructions in the genes, medical disorders, traumatic experiences such as loss and abuse and substance abuse. While one factor could be dominant than the other, all of these are contributors to the development of the majority of mental health disorders. In some cases, a single factor may be sufficient to trigger the disorder but the majority of disorders require an accumulation of experience that constantly challenge the well-being of a person.

What preserves mental health?

The preservation of mental health is highly dependent on the capacity of the person to a) blend in his environment and handle its stresses, b) achieve a good internal balance in his personality that is sufficient to give a stable character and c) create a good perspective that would limit the damages of negative experiences. For some people a good support system such as a sympathetic family or a strong social group may work well to safeguard mental health.

Psychiatry is the realm in which medical science and psychology join to provide help for persons whose mind (as one says) is disturbed and whose behavior does not conform to accept social patterns. Psychopathology  and clinical psychology are integral sub-fields of this branch of medical psychology which, of necessity, also includes neurology, mental deficiency or retardation, forensic psychology, certain aspects of abnormal psychology, social psychology and psychotherapy.Mental illness has been recognized as such since the days of Aristotle and Hippocrates, and its long modern history has been able described by some scientists.

state characterized by psychological well-being and self-acceptance. The term mental health usually implies the capacity to love and relate to others, the ability to work productively, and the willingness to behave in a way that brings personal satisfaction without encroaching upon the rights of others. In a clinical sense, mental health is the absence of mental illness.

The Mental Health Movement

Concern for the mentally ill has waxed and waned through the centuries, but the development of modern-day approaches to the subject dates from the mid-18th century, when reformers such as the French physician Philippe Pinel and the American physician Benjamin Rush introduced humane “moral treatment” to replace the often cruel treatment that then prevailed. Despite these reforms, most of the mentally ill continued to live in jails and poorhouses—a situation that continued until 1841, when the American reformer Dorothea Dix campaigned to place the mentally ill in hospitals for special treatment.

The modern mental health movement can be traced to the publication in 1908 of A Mind That Found Itself, an account of the experience of its author, Clifford Whittingham Beers, as a mental patient. The book aroused a storm of public concern for the mentally ill. In 1909 Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene.

Public awareness of the need for greater governmental attention to mental health services led to passage of the National Mental Health Act in 1946. This legislation authorized the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health to be operated as a part of the U.S. Public Health Service. In 1950 the National Committee for Mental Hygiene was reorganized as the National Association for Mental Health, better known as the Mental Health Association.

In 1955 Congress established a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health to survey the mental health needs of the nation and to recommend new approaches. Based on the commission’s recommendations, legislation was passed in 1963 authorizing funds for construction of facilities for community-based treatment centers. A similar group, the President’s Commission on Mental Health, reported its findings in 1978, citing estimates of the cost of mental illness in the U.S. alone as being about billion a year.

Scope of the Problem

According to a common estimate, at any one time 10 percent of the American population has mental health problems sufficiently serious to warrant care; recent evidence suggests that this figure may be closer to 15 percent. Not all the people who need help receive it, however; in 1975 only 3 percent of the American population received mental health service. One major reason for this is that people still fear the stigma attached to mental illness and hence often fail to report it or to seek help.

Analysis of the figures on mental illness shows that schizophrenia afflicts an estimated 2 million Americans, another 2 million suffer from profound depressive disorders, and 1 million have organic psychoses or other permanently disabling mental conditions. As much as 25 percent of the population is estimated to suffer from mild or moderate depression, anxiety, and other types of emotional problems. Some 10 million Americans have problems related to alcohol abuse, and millions more are thought to abuse drugs. Some 5 to 15 percent of children between the ages of 3 and 15 are the victims of persistent mental health problems, and at least 2 million are thought to have severe learning disabilities that can seriously impair their mental health.

In addition, according to the President’s Commission, the list of mental health problems should be extended beyond identifiable psychiatric conditions to include the damage to mental health associated with unrelenting poverty, unemployment, and discrimination on the basis of race, sex, class, age, and mental or physical handicaps.

Prevention

Public health authorities customarily distinguish among three forms of prevention. Primary prevention refers to attempts to prevent the occurrence of mental disorder, as well as to promote positive mental health. Secondary prevention is the early detection and treatment of a disorder, and tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitative efforts that are directed at preventing complications.

Two avenues of approach to the prevention of mental illness in adults were suggested by the President’s Commission. One was to reduce the stressful effects of such crises as unemployment, retirement, bereavement, and marital disruption; the second was to create environments in which people can achieve their full potential. The commission placed its heaviest emphasis, however, on helping children. It recommended the following steps:

1)    good care during pregnancy and childbirth, so that early treatment can be instituted as needed;

2)    early detection and correction of problems of physical, emotional, and intellectual development;

3)    developmental day-care programs focusing on emotional and intellectual development;

4)    support services for families, directed at preventing unnecessary and inappropriate foster care or other out-of-home placements for children.

Treatment

Care of the mentally ill has changed dramatically in recent decades. Drugs introduced in the mid-1950s, along with other improved treatment methods, enabled many patients who would once have spent years in mental institutions to be treated as outpatients in community facilities instead. (A series of judicial decisions and legislative acts has promoted community care by requiring that patients be treated in the least restrictive setting available.) Between 1955 and 1980 the number of people in state mental hospitals declined from more than 550,000 to fewer than 125,000. This trend was due partly to improved community care and partly to the cost of operating hospitals; in an effort to save public money, some large state mental hospitals have been closed, forcing alternatives to be found for patients. This is generally considered a progressive trend because when patients spend extended periods in hospitals they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves. In addition, because the hospitals are often located long distances from the patients’ homes, families and friends can visit only infrequently, and the patients’ roles at home and at work are likely to be taken over by others.

The psychiatric wards of community general hospitals have assumed some of the responsibility for caring for the mentally ill during the acute phases of illness. Some of these hospitals function as the inpatient service for community mental health centers. Typically, patients remain for a few days or weeks until their symptoms have subsided, and they usually are given some form of psychotropic drug to help relieve their symptoms. Following the lead of Great Britain, American mental hospitals now also give some patients complete freedom of buildings and grounds and, in some instances, freedom to visit nearby communities. This move is based on the conclusion that disturbed behavior is often the result of restraint rather than of illness.

Treatment of patients with less severe mental disorders has also changed markedly in recent decades. Previously, patients with mild depression, anxiety disorders, and other neurotic conditions were treated individually with psychotherapy. Although this form of treatment is still widely used, alternative approaches are now available. In some instances, a group of patients meets to work through problems with the assistance of a therapist; in other cases, families are treated as a unit. Another form of treatment that has proven especially effective in alleviating phobic disorders is behavior therapy, which focuses on changing overt behavior rather than the underlying causes of a disorder. As in the serious mental illnesses, the treatment of milder forms of anxiety and depression has been furthered by the introduction of new drugs that help alleviate symptoms.

Rehabilitation

The release of large numbers of patients from state mental hospitals, however, has caused significant problems both for the patients and for the communities that become their new homes. Adequate community services often are unavailable to former mental patients, a large percentage of whom live in nursing homes and other facilities that are not equipped to meet their needs. Most of these patients have been diagnosed as having schizophrenia, and only 15 to 40 percent of schizophrenics who live in the community achieve an average level of adjustment. Those who do receive care typically visit a clinic at periodic intervals for brief counseling and drug monitoring.

In addition to such outpatient clinics, rehabilitation services include sheltered workshops, day-treatment programs, and social clubs. Sheltered workshops provide vocational guidance and an opportunity to brush up on an old skill or learn a new one. In day-treatment programs, patients return home at night and on weekends; during weekdays, the programs offer a range of rehabilitative services, such as vocational training, group activities, and help in the practical problems of living. Ex-patient social clubs provide social contacts, group activities, and an opportunity for patients to develop self-confidence in normal situations.

Another important rehabilitative facility is the halfway house for patients whose families are not willing or able to accept them after discharge. It serves as a temporary residence for ex-patients who are ready to form outside community ties. A variant is the use of subsidized apartments for recently discharged psychiatric patients.

Research

Many different sciences contribute to knowledge about mental health and illness. In recent decades these sciences have begun to clarify basic biological, psychological, and social processes, and they have refined the application of such knowledge to mental health problems.

Some of the most promising leads have come from biological research. For example, brain scientists who study neurotransmitters—chemicals that carry messages from one nerve cell to another—are contributing to knowledge of normal and abnormal brain functioning, and they may eventually discover better treatment methods for mental illness. Other researchers are trying to discover how the brain develops—they have learned, for example, that even in adults some nerve cells partially regenerate after being damaged—and such research adds to the understanding of mental retardation, untreatable forms of brain damage, and other conditions.

Psychological research relevant to mental health includes the study of perception, information processing, thinking, language, motivation, emotion, abilities, attitudes, personality, and social behavior. For example, researchers are studying stress and how to cope with it. One application of this type of research may help to prevent mental disorders; in the future, psychologists may be better able to match people (and their coping skills) to work settings and job duties.

Research in the social sciences focuses on problems of individuals in contexts such as the family, neighborhood, and work setting, as well as the culture at large. One example of such work is epidemiological research, which is the study of the occurrence of disease patterns, including mental illness, in a society.

What is health? 
The definition of health is not just absence of disease and suffering, but perfect physical, mental and social well-being. We all have physical, mental and social conditions that we are more or less happy with. Many believe that this definition of health is unattainable since thousands are dying of malaria, AIDS, and hunger every day. 

Good health means to experience the peace of mind, meaning and value in life and cope with the challenges we face. The values of the good life is far more difficult to measure accurately the numbers. There is no correlation between the extent of disease and extent of the good life. It turns out that people who experience a high quality of life, have stronger immune system, are sick less often and have shorter illness by disease than people who do not experience life as good and meaningful. 

Health model tells where we must invest if we are to work to improve health in the population. For those who are often sick, it is important to prevent illness and injury and to reduce the risk of disease. The development of tourist trails for exercise and campaigns against smoking and alcohol may be two measures. For people who are so often ill, it is important to focus on strengthening those aspects of the individual’s life situation and the society that makes our life worth living, prosperity and security in everyday life, good, social networks, good local environment and experience of community and belonging. 

When we think of health, emphasis is placed on the person unable to perform the tasks in the community that it has received, and that humans thrive in the tasks it has been, and are able to adapt and enjoy their space and are able to adapt to the norms and rules. This has an impact on common sense, and has an intrinsic value in itself.

A traditional understanding that includes both positive and negative factors, see good health as a state of homeostasis, which is equilibrium and harmony between the different parts of the human body and between humans and the environment. In the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates argued that good health was based on a balance between building blocks in the body, which he believed to be four different body bags. Later on health been understood as being functional. A healthy person is able to solve the many tasks and challenges a person faces in their normal environment. 

An understanding of health as equilibrium seems reasonable. Nevertheless, the incomplete. First, sick people may also experience balance. The healthy man in the modern world is dynamic. Health is linked to development. It is also good health to be in growth and development at all levels, physical, mentally and socially. A healthy person has the ability to combine caring for your health in the medical sense to seek new experiences, learn new skills, meet new people, move into new environments, and expand their horizons. Temporary pain and suffering may be part of a healthy life if it gives different values in the longer term. 

Being able to participate in a sport is a right every human being has. It is also of importance for the development of children and young people, because sports characterize and build children’s mental and physical health. They also help children to make valuable social ties to the world around us. Sport gives children more opportunities to express themselves, whether through play. This plays an important role for children who live in countries that are characterized by poverty and war. Sport is also an option to prevent drug abuse and youth crime, by providing children and young people to continue with an activity in their spare time. 

It is also proven that the sport has a correlation with academic achievement. If you are physically active have a greater capacity and ability to learn and retain information, this can at best lead to better grades. 

Sport may even be helping to promote equality between women and men, girls and boys. This is because the girls in many countries have less opportunities to make friends and provide a social circle because they must care for and organize the home. Sport can also help to build bridges between countries and societies that are full of problems. 

Physical activity has an impact on health, it improves quality of life. It seems healthy, mentally and physically, and also helps with personal challenges, shared experiences and social meeting places in safe and good growing environment. 

Provides sporting good health? 
Many will answer yes. Physical Activity and Sport has been associated with good health for many centuries. The body is designed for versatile use of the muscles. There is a clear connection between being physical inactivity and disease and death. Inactive is particularly prone to cardiovascular disease, for diabetes, some cancers, osteoporosis, and depression. 

If we stop with the training to clear the positive effects on your health pretty quickly. Some positive effects are: 
- Increased work capacity 
- Greater profits and more job satisfaction 
- Strengthened immune system 
- Stronger bone, cartilage, tendons and strips 
- Natural drainage of stress reactions 

This was just a few examples. 
At the same time limits on how much exercise and activity your body can withstand. The effect of physical activity on health depends on how often and how hard we train. The effect levels off after that we increase the training volume. The effect of very large amounts of exercise can actually be in negative health sense. Everyone has heard of overload. We subjected us to great physical strain without receiving enuf rest and recovery. The body will never have time to recover. But everyone should carry a form of activity. Most people should exercise a half hour 3 times a week, with moderate intensity.

Health is such a broad concept, it has an impact on what we do in the course of a week, appearance, training, and job. Few of us are directly dependent on being in good shape to perform our work. But the healthy, strong, young body has a different meaning. It has become a social symbol that we are successful and have control over ourselves and our lives. When we stand up as veltrimmede and slender bodies, we send out signals to the surroundings. We have the will, ability and resources to develop ourselves. A body that looks healthy and fresh, is actually become a status symbol. 

This leads to a few consequences. It has been proven through studies that people with a look that is close to body ideals, the easier work, better work, and milder punishment in the criminal justice system, and they are considered more pleasant, more intelligent and more social than people without the same degree satisfies the body ideals. Many will do anything to get closer and to be compared with body ideals, and this is not always a positive effect. Radical demands to be thin for eating disorders. 

A desire for ever larger muscles can lead to drug abuse. Top sports, but also sport, is criticized for promoting dangerous body ideals. But while the sport may serve to soften one-sided ideals. Most sports do not focus on how your body looks, but on how it works. The negative effects have a major impact on the health of an athlete, or just doing regular excercise. But they have a positive impact as well. By training only half an hour 3 days a week, with moderate intensity, reduces Mon sick leave at work, and Perceiving, therefore more money. Mon also reduces the risk of high blood pressure, and the state reduces the amount of drugs, and can therefore spend the money on other things, such as better sports facilities. Sport is also a social. More join the sports clubs because they want to meet new people and make new friends, and this has a positive effect on health. Inactivity can cause obesity. We have a less physically active lifestyles. Both work and school days containing less activity than before, and it has become common to use means of transport to and from work, leisure activities and school that does not involve physical activity. Sitting for leisure activities have become stronger competitors to the physical activities. Increased physical activity in the form of exercise or training can only compensate for the reduced daily activity. The sum is that physical activity declines, with the health challenges this entails. 
Increasing obesity in the population is a big challenge so. “In the last 15 years, men on average have gone up approx. 5 kg and females 5.8 kg in weight. 

If each of us improve the health, the community as a whole more healthy. It means we can work and produce more, and have fewer sick days. How can sports, fitness and exercise provide significant socio-economic gains. 

In 1999, it formed a new state agency under the Health and Social Affairs to promote physical activity in the population. The former state ernæringsråd was to the State Council for Nutrition was the government’s advice for nutrition and physical activity. The new Council operates significant activity in the form of to initiate research and carry extensive consulting work when it comes to nutrition, physical activity and health in the population and the Council distinguishes himself clearly in the public debate. 

Also sports organizations sports health effects as one of its strongest arguments to gain support from the public. In fact, the health of one of the most important values in the NOC’s mission statement “All athletic activity should be based on fundamental values such as sporting joy, community, health and honesty.” 

It is true that the moderate sports activity can provide health gain and hence socio-economic gain. But sport also requires resources. It costs lots of money. It allocated a lot of money from the profits from gaming funds for construction of sports facilities. Many just doing regular excercise and trimmers are more or less injuries, which uses the coating on hospital resources and leads to the absence of work. Several researchers have calculated how much the sports injuries costs, and they have reached 1.5 billion a year. Nor do any kind of sport is as healthy. Sports injuries account for about 17% of all injuries in Norway. Eating disorders constitute a part of the 17%. Eating disorders are found among women and men. 

Sports and mental health 
WHO parts into their health definition in two parts: what we call physical health and mental health. We will focus on the mental health and explain how it affects the sport. 

A very large portion, which includes approximately 1 / 3 of Norway’s population are not involved with any kind of form of regular exercise or organized training. They are regarded as inactive, and that one third of the population are also those who are suffering with the most and great mental distress. Studies have also shown that if an inactive person select and start training, it is not certain that the person gets rid of their ailments or disorders. This may be the research by recruiting inactive people with mental health and mental disorders, to engage with training and exercise. 

The reason that the inactivation is considered to have the most problems, is that those already involved in regular exercise and training is much less likely to develop mental disorders in the first place. Nevertheless, research for sports and mental health found that training and active exercise can reduce scrolling. stress, depression, anxiety, headache, fatigue and muscle pain. Exercise can also have an opposite effect. If there are high demands for performance that is seen as a threat to the example. Running on a team, this may contribute to increased stress and poor mental health. It is important that you feel in a safe in the environment Mon driver activity and that it is motivating to those who participate, not ends. 

Among children and youth sports, this is a problem that’s growing larger and larger, but also among adults, with many stops or falls off. Among the previously inactive adults who start exercising, stop on average after 6 months. It is therefore important to find the right balance between pleasure, mastery and challenge. Proper sports and physical activity also provides psychological well-being and profit, and helps to strengthen self-esteem especially to children and adolescents, and adults. 

Mental health is the largest trade association for users, relatives and other interested mental health services in Norway. 

Sports and quality of life 
As individuals, we have self-responsibility for our own health and quality of life. Humans have always been looking for to find the key to the good life. Sport and physical activity can be called a source of increased and better quality of life. 

The term quality of life is not a self-written term fixed definition, for there is great freedom in what one understands this concept. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined quality of life as such; personal perceptions of their own position in life, in light of current cultural and value systems and in relation to their own objectives, expectations, standards and what they are concerned. To understand this more easily we can explain what individuals positive, negative, cognitive and emotional experiences. Even if the person has good health, big house and a high income, this does not mean necessarily that the person is happy. There are also people who are happy without all this. Happiness is an important factor for good quality of life! 

By conducting the training that provide positive experience and intrinsic value, we can thus enhance our self-picture. Joy, community, coping and progress in the training context also provides a positive surprise of himself, by achieving goals they have set themselves. 

Quality of life is a pretty new concept, even though the people have always asked the question around “the good life”. Quality of life is very extensive and can tell how people experience different aspects of the experience in his life. If you are active, and has an affinity with people, have a sense of self and are excited and happy.

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